Introduction: Barley grain is the main feed for cattle in many regions of the world. The digestibility of barley grain is restricted by its fibrous shell and intact pericarp. The extent and rate of digestion of ruminal carbohydrates and barley grain can be manipulated through processing. Barley processing can be a valuable tool to optimize the production of lactating dairy cows. The application of combinations of heat, moisture, time and mechanical action may influence the quality of processed barley grains. Micronization is a rapid thermal treatment (30-90s) using infrared radiation and has great application potential in the feed industry due to simple construction and operation. It has been demonstrated in a number of experiments that organic acids, including lactic acid and malic acid, alter the chemical composition and nutritional value of cereals. Essential oils are naturally occurring plant products that are rich in chemical composition and have various biological properties. The interactions between starch and phenolic compounds have attracted increasing attention in recent years. The aim of this study was developed to determine the impact of chemical processing through steam flaking or steam-infrared flaking of barley grain on physical and chemical properties, and protein and carbohydrate fractionations. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic Foeniculum vulgare (Pv) or Acanthophyllum (Ap) extract were prepared by dissolving 100 g of dried and ground Pv or Ap in 500 mL of 96% v/v ethanol/water and shaking for 72 h. Then, the extracts were filtered through a Whatman No. 1 paper (Whatman Ltd., Maidstone, England). The residual solvent from the ethanolic extract was removed using a rotary evaporator. Barley grain was then mixed thoroughly with distilled water at a ratio of 10% by weight and treated with either 1% lactic acid (La) or 1% malic acid (Ma). Subsequently, the samples were treated with a 5% solution of Ap or Pv. The processed grains were steamed for approximately 35 minutes at 96°C. The steam-cooked grains were then divided into two groups, with one group exposed to infrared radiation for 55 seconds (SIF). All cooked grains were then flaked (SF) using a designed flaker machine. Physical properties, following the Giger-Reverdin method (2000), and chemical composition, based on AOAC standards (2012), of the samples were then analyzed. Crude protein was calculated as N × 625. NDF and ADF contents were determined according to the method proposed by Van Suste et al. (1991). Starch content was evaluated using anthrone and sulfuric acid (Rose et al., 1991). Bulk density was determined by weighing 100 ml of the samples. Water holding capacity was assessed using the method described by Robertson and Eastwood (1998).The grain density was defined as the ratio of the mass of the grain to the particle volume occupied by the sample (Aghajani et al., 2012). Crude protein and carbohydrate fractionations were performed according to Higgs et al (2015). Carbohydrates were divided into five fractions based on different degradation rates in the rumen: A4 (water soluble carbohydrates or sugar), B1 (starch), B2 (soluble fiber), B3 (digestible fiber), and CC (ingestible fiber). Results and Discussion: All the physical properties of the processed barley grain were significantly affected by chemically and physically methods applied in this study (P < 0.05). The highest bulk density and water holding capacity were shown in both SF and SIF processing. The results of this study indicated that the contents of CP, ADF, NDF, EE,Ash, amylose and amylopectine were significantly affected by the chemically and physically processing (P< 0.05). The CP content of the grains treated with Ap and Ma had higher compared with that of Pv and La. In addition, NDF concentration of the grains processed by SF method was greater than that of SIF (P < 0.05). Both CP and NDF content of the processed grain were higher for (SIFBApMa) and (SIFBApLa) rather than those of the other treatments (P< 0.05). The soluble true protein, insoluble true protein and indigestible protein fractions of the processed grain were affected by both chemically and physically processing methods (P < 0.05). The soluble true protein fraction in the grain treated by Ap was greater than that of the Pv. The indigestible protein fraction increased in Pv treatments compared the Ap treatments. Significant differences were found between the processed grains regarding the total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates, soluble fiber, digestible fiber and Indigestible fiber carbohydrate fractions (P<0.05). The carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates and soluble fiber carbohydrate fractions were greater (P< 0.05) in the SIF than those of SF method. Digestible fiber and Indigestible fiber fractions were lower (P< 0.05) in La than Ma treatments. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that processed barley grain with organic acids (Malic acid or Lactic acid) and using extracts of Acanthophyllum or Foeniculum vulgare accumpany through physical processing (steam flaking or steam- infrared -flaking) make an improvement in nutritional value of the grain. In this study, bulk density and water holding capacity were greater in steam flaking rather than steam-infrared-flaking method. Regarding the CP fractionations, processed barley grain with Acanthophyllum extract through steam-infrared-flaking displayed significant alter in the fractions. Lactic acid processed grain through steam-infrared-flaking showed an enhancedment in both non fiber carbohydrates and soluble fiber concentration of the grain. Present data showed a positive impact of both chemically and physically methods applied in barely grain, however, further investigation regarding protein and carbohydrate molecular responses are needed to be evaluated.

The present experiment evaluated the effect of applying nonionic [(leaves of Laurus nobilis (LN) and Tween 80 (TW))] or ionic-based [(sodium dodecyl sulfate (SD) and double sulfate of aluminum and potassium (AL))] surfactants, applied during steaming to steam-infrared heated-flaked corn grains (SIFC), on nutrient composition, crude protein (CP) and carbohydrate fractionations, protein and starch granule structures, and in situ mobile nylon bag ruminal and post-ruminal nutrients disappearance. Treatments were steam-infrared heated-flaked corn grain (Control; SIFCCO), and SIFC treated with LN (SIFCLN), TW (SIFCTW), SD (SIFCSD) or AL (SIFCAL). Surfactants were used at 10 g/kg dry matter (DM). The CP concentration was highest in SIFCCO and lowest in SIFCAL (92.9 and 85.4 g/kg DM, respectively). Indigestible CP was higher in SIFCSD (6.67% CP) than those of the other treatments (P<0.05). Total carbohydrate fractionation was the highest in SIFCAL treatment (P<0.05). Both SIFCAL and SIFCTW (19.5 and 19.7 g/kg DM, respectively) had the highest concentration of soluble fiber compared with the other treatments (P<0.05). The SIFCAL had the greatest concentration of digestible fiber (96.1 g/kg DM). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) wave number peaks for amide I and amide II were greater for SIFCCO and SIFCSD than the other treatments. Starch morphology granules were notably changed in SIFCTW. When SD was used, both post-rumen and total tract disappearances of DM, CP, and starch were significantly increased (P<0.05) compared to other treatments. The highest ruminal disappearances of CP and starch were seen in SIFCLN and SIFCSD, respectively. Overall, the present results demonstrated that either the nonionic-based or ionic-based surfactants might be beneficial when applied during the steam cooking of the corn grains, considering their positive effects on protein starch morphology, as well as digestive disappearance of CP and starch.

Introduction: Barley grain can provide energy and protein to lactating dairy cows; however, feeding high levels of barley grain may increase the risk of developing rumen disorders with extensive consequences for health, welfare and continuity of milk production. Various barley processing (chemically and physically) is critical to prevent ruminal acidosis, enhance digestion, nutrient utilization, and promote productivity. Steam-infrared heated-flaking is a physical-specific process and it impresses on starch gelatinization and protein denaturation which may modify both site and rate of digestion. Treating barley grain with lactic acid have been shown to alter the chemical composition and the nutritional value of treated grains. Barley grains ammunition treatment increased nitrogen content, effective rumen degradable and intestinal digestibility of nitrogen. Plant extract through the selective effect on certain rumen bacteria and the attachment and pattern of their colonization of starchy grain such as barley grain may alter starch degradation.Materials and Methods: To prepare Acanthophyllum (Ap) extract, 1 Kg of dried sample was solved in 5 liter distilled water and manually mixed for 48 h at 30 min hiatuses. Barley grains treated with 5% solution of Acanthophyllum or 5.6% ammonium bicarbonate, simultaneously treated with 1% lactic acid. Consequently, non-treated and chemically treated barley grain steamed for 50 min. Then, steam cooked grains were exposed under an infrared -heated for 55 seconds to attain surface kernel temperatures of 100°C. Finally, passed through the roller mill in a flaker machine and were flaked. Thus, experimental treatments were: 1) Steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain, 2) Steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with extract of Acanthophyllum and lactic acid, 3) Steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with ammonium bicarbonate and lactic acid. This experiment with a 3 × 3 Latin square design were conducted with three rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (average BW: 690± 13, DIM: 96± 9) in three 21-day periods. Productive responses and dry matter intake were evaluated during the last 4 d of each period. Blood sample was collected on day 21 of the experimental period before the morning feeding and 2, 4 and 6 h after morning feeding to evaluate the concentration of serum glucose, albumin, total protein and blood urea nitrogen concentration. Acid insoluble ash as an internal marker was used to measure the apparent digestibility of nutrients. The ruminal pH and NH3-N concentration were continuously measured.Results and Discussion: Results illustrated that the experimental diets did not affect (P>0.05) on DMI, milk production, FCM and ECM. Milk fat and lactose concentrate were higher in cows fed by the diet containing the steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with extract of Acanthophyllum and lactic acid and/ or treated with ammonium bicarbonate and lactic acid treatments than the steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treatment (P < 0.05). Milk total solid, protein and MUN concentrate were increased in response to fed the steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with ammonium bicarbonate and lactic acid compared to the control (P < 0.05). Generally, serum BUN concentration was significantly affected by the chemical treating during 2, 4 and 6 h after the morning feeding (P< 0.05). The consuming of steam- infrared heated -flaked of barley grain treated with ammonium bicarbonate and lactic acid resulted in increased total blood protein concentration (at 6 h after the morning feeding) in the cows (P< 0.05). When the chemical treatment was used, the apparent digestibility of dietary DM, CP and starch was increased in the cows consuming these diets (P< 0.05). Ruminal pH and also redoex potential were not affected by treatments and sampling time (P> 0.05). In this study, data showed that cows fed the SIFBLaAb had greater ruminal NH3-N concentration when compared with the other treatments (p< 0.05).Conclusion: Feeding chemical treated barley grain with 5% extract of Acanthophyllum and/or 5.6% ammonium bicarbonate plus 1% lactic acid did not affect DMI and milk production in dairy cow, but improved the milk composition, with higher milk fat, lactose, protein and total solid. In animals fed chemicallym, treated barley grain the nutrient apparent digestibility, enhanced significantly. The MUN, BUN and ruminal NH3-N concentration increased in cows fed the diet with SIFBLaAb.

A ruminal in situ experiment using three fistulated ewes was conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradation of steam-flaked broomcorn (SFBr), ground broomcorn (GBr) and ground barley (GB). Grain samples were suspended in the rumen of sheep for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 h. Nylon bags were washed with tap water after removal. Effective degradability of DM at outflow rates of k = 0.05 and k = 0.08 h^-1 was significantly higher for SFBr than for GBr (59 and 53% vs. 43 and 35%). SFBr has considerably higher soluble DM than GBr and GB. Insoluble DM of SFBr was lower than that of GBr and GB. Solubility of CP in broomcorn grain was significantly decreased by steam-flaking, but degradation rate of insoluble CP was not altered. Results from this study showed that SFBr supplies the major source of availabe nutrients for rumen microorganisms compared with GBr. In other words, using the most efficient processing method for ruminants will be necessary.

The effects of dietary supplementation of different forms of barley grain (whole, ground, steam flaking, tempering, and dry rolling) was investigated on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and carcass characteristics of Mohgani male lambs. Thirty male lambs were allocated in a completely randomized design to five experimental diets containing different processing forms of barley grain (whole barley grain as control, ground, steam flaking, tempering, and dry rolling) for 90 days. Lambs were fed on barley in form of dry rolling exhibited the highest final body weight (54. 96 kg, P=0. 003), average daily gain (350 g/day, P=0. 01), blood glucose (64. 54 mg/dL, P=0. 05), and warm carcass weight (23. 12 kg, P=0. 05) compared to the lambs fed on whole barley grain. Nutrient digestibility (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber), urinary purine derivatives (allantoin, xanthine, and hypoxanthine), and internal organs weight (kidneys, lungs, and liver) were not affected by different forms of barley grain. Also, lambs fed on ground barley exhibited the highest blood urea nitrogen (14. 84 mg/dL) among other experimental diets (P=0. 04). Barley processing in the form of dry rolling had beneficial effects on the growth performance of male lambs, however, more scientific research is needed to study the other processing methods.

In recent years, new educational methods tend to combine subjects that were previously considered separate. One of the new educational approaches in the field of combining subjects is the STEAM educational approach. The term STEAM is related to the fields of science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics education. The characteristic of the randomness of radioactivity in radioactive nuclear isotopes is seen in the quantity of half-life. In a dice-throwing activity, we simulate and count the number of radioactive nuclei after successive half-lives. By plotting the number of dice representing the active nuclei according to the experiment number, we try to get closer to the decay representation and derive a suitable definition for the half-life. In this lesson plan, some parts of the STEAM approach have been used. If the decay graph (exponential graph with negative slope) is correctly extracted and any distance between events on the horizontal axis is chosen as a time unit, the concept of half-life can be taught to the audience. For this purpose, the students will be asked to extract the duration of the halving of the number of radioactive nuclei from the drawn graph.

Introduction: Heat treatment of a wide variety of feeds has been traditionally used to improve the utilization of their protein by ruminants. Heat treatment of legume seeds can inactivate anti-nutritional factors, it is also effective in increasing the digestibility (Seifdavati 2012). Chemical composition and heat processing can affects fermentability of Vicia Ervilia grain. Particle size and moisture during processing also influence the possible effects of processing. Digestibility may be directly determined in vitro or estimated by using in vitro procedures, which are cheaper and more convenient. In vitro gas production technique was widely used to evaluate the nutritive value of legume forages (Evitayani et al 2004) and tannin containing tree leaves (Rubanza et al 2003). This experiment was conducted to investigate of the nutritive value of Vicia Ervilia using the in vitro disappearance and gas production techniques. Materials and Method: The experimental treatments were grinding Vicia Ervilia grain, steam flak, roasting and microwave. Processing steam flak, treated steam at 100°C for 30 min and then immediately passed through rollers were allowed to air for 48 h and then sealed in plastic bags. Roasting treatments at 120°C for 10 min and microwave irradiation (Nasional at a power of 800w) for 3 min. The treatments were milled through a 2.0 mm screen. Samples of treatments were dried in oven at 65°C for 24h. The gas production of treatment were recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation time using a water displacement apparatus. For this purpose two ruminal fistulated sheep were used. Rumen liquor samples were obtained from the two weathers that were fed a diet content 60% roughage: 40% concentrate. Rumen fluid was pumped with a manually operated vacuum pump and transferred into prewarmed thermos flask, combined, filtered through four layers of cheesecloth and flushed with CO2. McDougall (1948) buffer solution was prepared and placed in a water bath at 39°C. Samples (300 mg) were weighed into 50 ml serum vial. Each feed sample was incubated in triplicate with 20 ml of rumen liquor and buffer solution (1:2). The vials were sealed immediately after loading and were affixed to a rotary shaker platform set as (120 rpm) housed on a incubator. Vials for each time point, as well as blanks, were prepared in quadruplicate. The metabolizable energy, net energy for lactation content of feeds, short chain fatty acid and digestible organic matter were calculated using equations of Menke & Steingass (1988) and Getachew et al. (2002). For in vitro disappearance method, the incubation time were 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. The rumen liquor was obtained from the same sheep used in the gas production technique and receiving the same diet to similar conditions for both techniques. Mc Dougall (1948) buffer prewarmed to 39 ºC. The inoculum was dispensed 20 ml per vial into 50 ml serum vial (containing of 300 mg sample per vial) which had been warmed to 39 ºC and flushed with oxygen free CO2. The vials were sealed immediately after loading and were affixed to a rotary shaker platform set as (120 rpm) housed in incubator. Vials for each time point, as well as blank (containing no substrate), were prepared in triplicate. Triplicate vials were removed after 2, 8, 12, 24 and 48h of incubation. The residues were washed three times in phosphate buffer followed by centrifugation (2500 rpm, 10 min) and dried at 105 ºC and determined DM disappearance. The data was analyzed by completely randomized design.Results and Discussion: Dry matter disappearance and gas product increased with increasing incubation time. Heat processing of steam flak increasing of DM disappearance and gas produced at 48 h and higher than the other treatments (P<0.05). The gas production volume at 48 h incubation for treatments of control, microwave, roasting and steam flaking were 141, 140, 134.57 and 147 (ml/gDM), respectively. The gas production for sum of soluble and insoluble (a+b) fractions (ml/gDM) and gas production rate (ml/h) in control treatment were 142.9 and 0.106, respectively. Dry matter disappearance from in vitro increased with increasing incubation time. The disappearance percentage of DM in control treatment for 2 and 48 h of incubation were 39.88 and 83.48 and degradabilities coefficients (a, b and c) were 31.08, 48.03 and 0.088, respectively. For roasting treatments DM disappearance and gas produced at 48 h were lower than the other treatments. Barley grain treated by the steam flak, flame rusting and exploring can be decreased ruminal crude protein (McNiven 1994). Ljokjel et al (2003) reported that heat treatment decreased ruminal degradation of starch in both barley grain and pea grain. Parnian et al (2010) showed that, cumulative gas production of sorghum grain was linearly increased by altering period of microwave irradiation. Parand et al (2010) reported that the gas production of barley grain for steam flak, microwave and roasting at 48 h were obtained 239.4, 275.9 and 239.7 (ml/gDM), respectively, these values does not match with the results of this study. Similar to the latter, previous in vitro and in vivo studies (Hironaka et al 1992; Huntington 1997) have shown that steam flaking increased ruminal starch digestibility of barley in feedlot cattle. Seifdavati et al (2012) showed the gas production of Vicia Ervilia at 24 h was obtained about 246.29 ml/gDM and rate of gas product was achieved 0.063 (%h) that decreased with autoclave processing. Hadji Panayioton and Economids (2001), reported degradability characteristics of lupin (a, b and c) about 12.45%, 84.41% and 0.1 h-1, respectively. There was strong positive correlation between gas production, in vitro and in situ dry matter disappearance so that the gas production technique can be suitable replacement for in situ and in vitro DM disappearances. The steam flaking treatment showed high potential for producing of gas and high degradability of DM compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). Regarding to high gas production and in vitro degradability in steam flaking treatment, this treatment can be used to improve of digestion process in animal nutrition.

The NorFor is a semi-mechanistic system, which predicts nutrient supply and requirements for maintenance, milk production, growth and pregnancy in catlle. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of grinding, pelleting and steam-flaking of corn grain on protein characteristic using NorFor model according to a completely randomized design. Degradability of dry matter and protein of the processed corn were determined at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48 hours after feeding with technique of nylon bags using three mature rams of Zel breed. By using the data gathered from the measurement of ruminal degradability of crude protein of corn, including soluble crude protein (sCP), potentially degradable crude protein (pdCP), degradation rate of potentially degradable crude protein (kdCP), indigestible crude protein (iCP) in feedstuff was estimated in NorFor system it was shown that effective degradability (%) of dry matter and protein steam-flaking of corn grain was higher than grinding, pelleting. Also, the slow fraction of grinding of corn grain was higher, both in dry matter and protein degradation. Corn steam-flaking increased soluble protein (sCP) and total soluble protein (sCP+ pdCP) and potential degradation protein, and reduce the kdCP, comparing with corn pletting (397 in contrast of 816) was significantly different (P<0. 0. (In this sdtudy, indigestibility of crude protein (iCP) was very low. The overall findings of this study indicated that increased rumen degradability of dry matter and protein as well as the total soluble protein (sCP+ pdCP) steam-flaking of corn grain was high.

The aim of this research was to study the characteristics of the elements of the sixth grade primary school science curriculum based on the STEAM method. This study was conducted in the academic year 1399-1400 with a qualitative approach and the directed qualitative content analysis method. Sampling was done using the purposive sampling (standard) and the data was collected through semi-structured interview with 23 experts in the field of curriculum studies and sixth grade primary school teachers. The transcript of the interviews was analyzed manually and simultaneously, along with data collection. The dependability of the findings was obtained using immersion and repeated study and review of the participants and experts. Based on the elements of Akker's proposed curriculum, in this study, ten elements were studied. The results showed that the STEAM-based science education curriculum has removed the traditional barriers separating the five areas of learning. It has integrated these areas to achieve learning based on the objectives of the curriculum and it has relied on the principles of creativity and ideation.

Background and objectives: Barley as native cereal is the single source of carbohydrate in fattening sheep. But barley causes some problems due to the fast degradation in the rumen like acidosis and decrease in growth performance. So the replacement of barley with another cereal like corn is necessary because corn has slow degradability in the rumen. On the other hand, any change in the ration composition has economical and financial effects in addition to the nutritional effects. Ignoring these financial and economic effects in decision making about the ration composition or changing it, could results in negative consequences. Different ration compositions could simultaneously have different cost and revenue effects and eventually different profitability consequences.Materials and methods: This study has tried to investigate all positive and negative economic consequences of replacement barley with different processed corn in fattening lambs. For this purpose, the used feeds in fattening period were balanced based on the experimental treatments with fixed quantity of protein and energy and 7 treatments/diets including 1) 100% Barley, 2) 50%: 50% Barley & Grinding Corn, 3) 100% Grinding Corn, 4) 50%: 50% Barley & Steam Flaking Corn, 5) 100% Steam Flaking Corn, 6) 50%: 50% Barley & Pelleting Corn and 7) 100% Pelleting Corn. Every treatment included five lambs and each of 35 lambs was individually experimented during 84 days.Results: The results indicated that the rations control treatment and 100% steam flaking corn respectively have the least and the most cost increase for all periods.Also, the rations control treatment and 100% pelleting corn respectively have the least and the most revenue increase for all periods.Conclusion: Totally, and based on the partial budgeting results the rations 100% steam flaking corn and 100% pelleting corn respectively have the least and the most effects on relative profitability for all periods.